Nerve and Arterial Supply Pattern of the Popliteus Muscle and Clinical Implications.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the nerve and artery supply and the tibial attachment of the popliteus muscle using anatomical methods. METHODS: Forty-four nonembalmed and embalmed extremities were dissected for this study. To measure the attachment area of the popliteus, the most prominent points of the medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial malleolus of the tibia were identified before dissection. A line connecting these two prominent points was used as the reference line, with the most prominent point of the medial epicondyle of the femur as the starting point. This study also investigated the area where the popliteus attaches to the bone and the points where nerves and arteries enter the popliteus muscle when it is divided into three equal parts in the coronal plane. RESULTS: The mean length of the reference line was 34.6 ± 2.1 cm. The origin of the popliteus was found to be at a distance of 16.6% to 35.2% on the tibial bone from the proximal region. The popliteus was innervated by only the tibial nerve in 90% of the cases and by the tibial and the sciatic nerves in the remaining 10% of the cases. The inferior medial genicular artery and the posterior tibial artery supplied blood to the popliteus in 90% and 65% of the cases, respectively. When the popliteus muscle was divided into three equal parts in the coronal plane, the nerve and the artery were found to enter the muscle belly in zones II and III and zones I and II in 92% and 98% of the specimens, respectively. Discussion. The anatomical investigation of the popliteus in this study will help identify patients with clinically relevant syndromes.

Relationship between the Branching Patterns of the Radial Nerve and Supinator Muscle.

The posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) innervates the posterior compartment muscle of the forearm and is a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve. The anatomic descriptions of PIN vary among different authors. This study investigated the distribution patterns of PIN and its relationships to the supinator muscle. This study investigated which nerves innervate the posterior compartment muscles of the forearm, the radial nerve, and the PIN, using 28 nonembalmed limbs. Also, the points where the muscle attaches to the bone were investigated. The measured variables in this study were measured from the most prominent point of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (LEH) to the most distal point of the radius styloid process. For each specimen, the distance between the above two points was assumed to be 100%. The measurement variables were the attachment area of the supinator and branching points from the radial nerve. The attachment points of the supinator to the radius and ulna were 47.9% ± 3.6% and 31.5% ± 5.2%, respectively, from the LEH. In 67.9% of the specimens, the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) were innervated by the radial nerve before superficial nerve branching, and the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) innervated the deep branch of the radial nerve. In 21.4% of the limbs, the nerve innervating the ECRB branched at the same point as the superficial branch of the radial nerve, whereas it branched from the radial nerve in 7.1% of the limbs. In 3.6% of the limbs, the deep branch of the radial nerve branched to innervate the ECRL. PIN was identified as a large branch without divisions in 10.7% and as a deep branch innervating the extensor digitorum in 14.3% of the limbs. The anatomic findings of this study would aid in the diagnosis of PIN syndromes.

Morphological study of the pelvis and vertebral column in university dance major students / Estudio morfológico de la pelvis y la columna vertebral en estudiantes universitarios de danza

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pelvis and spine of university dance major students. The spine and pelvic morphology were measured in 32 students (eight ballet, eight Korean dance, and eight modern dance) and eight general studies students. using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and Formetric III 4D. First, as a result of measuring the front and rear tilt, a back tilt of the torso was found in all groups. Second, measurement of the left and right tilt of the spine showed a tilt to the right, and the angle and distance of the tilt were 1.25 ? 1.16 ? and 10.5 ? 9.3 mm, respectively in the ballet major group. Third, the kyphosis angle was the highest in the Korean dance students, exceeding the normal range (ballet: 46 ?, Korean dance: 54 ?, modern dance: 47 ?, general department: 49?). Although, there was no significant difference among the groups, but the spine and pelvic morphology were measured in different forms (shapes) according to the majors. Therefore, according to the major, the movements used to affect the shape of the spine and the pelvis are considered to change. This suggests that follow-up studies are needed. If the displacement is severe due to the movement, pain may occur and it is necessary to study how to identify the pain area when the pain occurs.

RESUMEN: El propósito de este estudio fue investigar la pelvis y la columna vertebral de estudiantes universitarios de danza. Se realizaron mediciones morfológicas de la columna y la pelvis en 32 estudiantes (ocho de ballet, ocho de danza coreana y ocho de danza moderna) y ocho estudiantes de estudios generales. utilizando absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual y formétrico ? 4D. Primero, como resultado de medir la inclinación delantera y trasera, se encontró una inclinación del torso hacia atrás en todos los grupos. En segundo lugar, la medición de la inclinación izquierda y derecha de la columna mostró una inclinación hacia la derecha, y el ángulo y la distancia de la inclinación fueron 1,25 ? 1,16 ? y 10,5 ? 9,3 mm, respectivamente, en el grupo principal de ballet. En tercer lugar, el ángulo de cifosis fue el más alto en los estudiantes de danza coreana, excediendo el rango normal (ballet: 46 ?, danza coreana: 54 ?, danza moderna: 47 ?, departamento general: 49 ?). Aunque no hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos, la morfología de la columna y la pelvis se midió en diferentes formas (formas) según las carreras. Por lo tanto, según la especialidad, se considera que cambian los movimientos utilizados afectando la forma de la columna y la pelvis. Esto sugiere que se requieren estudios de seguimiento. Si el desplazamiento es severo debido al movimiento, este puede generar dolor y es necesario estudiar cómo identificar el área de dolor cuando ocurre.

Comparison between Novice and Experienced Surgeons Performing Corrective Osteotomy with Patient-Specific Guides in Dogs Based on Resulting Position Accuracy.

Corrective osteotomy has been applied to realign and stabilize the bones of dogs with lameness. However, corrective osteotomy for angular deformities requires substantial surgical experience for planning and performing accurate osteotomy. Three-dimensional printed patient-specific guides (3D-PSGs) were developed to overcome perioperative difficulties. In addition, novices can easily use these guides for performing accurate corrective osteotomy. We compared the postoperative results of corrective osteotomy accuracy when using 3D-PSGs in dogs between novice and experienced surgeons. We included eight dogs who underwent corrective osteotomy: three angular deformities of the radius and ulna, three distal femoral osteotomies, one center of rotational angle-based leveling osteotomy, and one corrective osteotomy with stifle arthrodesis. All processes, including 3D bone modeling, production of PSGs, and rehearsal surgery were carried out with computer-aided design software and a 3D-printed bone model. Pre- and postoperative positions following 3D reconstruction were evaluated by radiographs using the 2D/3D registration technique. All patients showed clinical improvement with satisfactory alignment and position. Postoperative accuracy evaluation revealed no significant difference between novice and experienced surgeons. PSGs are thought to be useful for novice surgeons to accurately perform corrective osteotomy in dogs without complications.

Differences in body composition of upper and lower limbs in elite taekwondo athletes / Diferencias en la composición corporal de los miembros superiores e Inferiores en atletas de taekwondo de élite

In this study, we analyzed the differences in body composition among athletes during different stages of their career Forty taekwondo athletes and 10 non-athletes (20 males and 30 females) with a mean age of 18.2 years (range, 15-23 years), a mean height of 173.4 cm, and a mean body weight of 64.8 kg were studied using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and Biodex balance system. The bone mineral density of upper and lower limbs was higher among university athletes of both sexes than in high school athletes. The lean body mass of male athletes in the university was higher than in high school male athletes. By contrast, in case of females, the opposite results were obtained for the upper and lower limbs. Elucidation of the body composition according to career and sex of taekwondo athlete is worthwhile.

En este estudio, analizamos las diferencias de la composición corporal entre los atletas durante las diferentes etapas de su carrera. Se estudiaron cuarenta atletas de taekwondo y 10 no atletas (20 hombres y 30 mujeres) edad media de 18,2 años (rango, 15-23 años), una altura media de 173,4 cm y un peso corporal medio de 64,8 kg. Se utilizaron la absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual y el sistema de equilibrio Biodex. La densidad mineral ósea de las miembros superiores e inferiores fue mayor entre los atletas universitarios de ambos sexos, que en los atletas de educación secundaria. La masa corporal magra de los atletas varones en la universidad fue mayor que en los varones de la educación secundaria. Por el contrario, en el caso de las mujeres, se obtuvieron los resultados opuestos para las miembros superiores e inferiores. En conclusión se debe considerar un análisis de la composición corporal según la carrera y el sexo del atleta de taekwondo.

The injection site in the tarsal tunnel to minimize neurovascular injury for heel pain: an anatomical study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the location and distribution patterns of neurovascular structures and determine the effective injection point in the tarsal tunnel for heel pain. METHODS: Fifteen adult non-embalmed cadavers with a mean age of 71.5 years were studied. The most inferior point of the medial malleolus of the tibia (MM) and the tuberosity of the calcaneus (TC) were identified before dissection. A line connecting the MM and TC was used as a reference line. The reference point was expressed in absolute distance along the reference line using the MM as the starting point. For measurements using MRI, the depth from the skin was measured to inferior at an interval of 1 cm from the MM. RESULTS: The posterior tibial artery, lateral plantar nerve, and medial plantar nerve were located from 29.0 to 37.3% of the reference line from the MM. The distribution frequencies of the medial calcaneal nerve on the reference line from the MM were 0%, 8.60%, 37.15%, 37.15%, and 17.10%, respectively. The mean depth of the neurovascular structures was 0.3 cm. DISCUSSION: This study recommended an effective injection site from 45.0 to 80.0% of the reference line.

Aging of the bony orbit in East Asians: a three-dimensional computed tomographic study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate age-related changes of orbital rim in Koreans and construct a reference data set for the aging phenomenon in Asians. METHODS: Data were collected from computed tomography (CT) scans of orbits and facial bones obtained from 107 Korean (55 males and 52 females) at intervals of 0.60 mm. Subjects was categorized according to sex and age as follows: young group (20-35 years) and old group (60 years and above). CT scans were reconstructed via three-dimensional (3D) modeling programs. The most lateral, medial, superior and inferior points of orbital rim were used as reference points. The orbital aperture area in each 3D model was measured using an analytical software program such as 3-Matic. RESULTS: The orbital aperture height showed no overall statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) with age in either sex. Changes were irregular with a combination of decrease and increased components. The mean change did not exceed about 0.1 mm. The orbital aperture area showed no significant change with increasing age in either male or female study populations. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there was no significant enlargement of the orbital rim with increasing age in Koreans. The measurement data in the present study differ from previous studies involving White subjects, which revealed a significant increase in orbital aperture area.

Relationship of the lobular branch of the great auricular nerve to the tympanoparotid fascia: Spatial anatomy for salvage during face and neck lift.

To enable selection of a safer suspension site to use in face and neck lifting procedures, the spatial relationship between the tympanoparotid fascia and the great auricular nerve should be clarified. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the position of the tympanoparotid fascia and the pathway of the lobular branch of the great auricular nerve traversing the tympanoparotid fascia. Twenty hemifaces from non-preserved bequeathed Korean cadavers (5 males, 7 females; mean age, 77.0 years) were dissected to determine the great auricular nerve distribution close to the tympanoparotid fascia of clinical significance for face and neck lift procedures. We observed the tympanoparotid fascia in all specimens (20 hemifaces). The tympanoparotid fascia was located anteriorly between the tragus and intertragic notch. Regarding the spatial relationship between the tympanoparotid fascia and the great auricular nerve, we found the sensory nerve entering the tympanoparotid fascia in all specimens (100%), and the depth from the skin was approximately 4.5 mm; in 65% of the specimens, the lobular branch was found to run close to the tympanoparotid fascia before going into the earlobe. Provided with relatively safer surface mapping to access the tympanoparotid fascia free of the lobular branch of the great auricular nerve, surgeons may better protect the lobular branch by anchoring the SMAS-platysma flap and thread to the deeper superior and anterior portions of the expected tympanoparotid fascia.

Clinical Anatomy for the Innervated Pattern and Boundary of the Subdeltoid Bursa.

The aim of this study was to accurately identify the distribution of sensory nerve branches running to bursa with mesoscopic dissection and boundaries following the injection of gelatin into the bursa. Eighteen shoulders of 11 Korean soft cadavers (average age, 65 years; age range, 43 - 88 years) were dissected. The most prominent point of greater tubercle of the humerus (GT) was used as a reference point. The horizontal line passing through GT was used as the x-axis while the vertical line passing through the GT was used as the y-axis. Average distances of the anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior from the GT were 1.9±0.6, 2.4±1.3, 2.1±0.7, and 3.2±1.5 cm, respectively. In 15 cases of 18 shoulders, the anterior branch of the axillary nerve was distributed to the subdeltoid bursa that was running posteriorly. The muscular branch of the anterior and middle parts of the deltoid was distributed to the branch of nerve that was running into the subdeltoid bursa. A branch of the posterior cord of brachial plexus was distributed to the subdeltoid bursa that was running anteriorly in three cases. Most of the branches of the axillary nerve were distributed into the posterolateral area. The branches of the posterior cord of brachial plexus were distributed in the anterolateral area. These results might be useful for preventing residual pain on the anterior shoulder region following an injection for the relief of shoulder pain.

The distributed pattern of the neurovascular structures around clavicle to minimize structural injury in clinical field: anatomical study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the location and distribution pattern of neurovascular structures superior and inferior to the clavicle by detailed dissection. METHODS: Fifteen adult non-embalmed cadavers with a mean age of 71.5 years were studied. For measurements, the most prominent point of the sternal end of the clavicle (SEC) on anterior view and the most prominent point of the acromial end of the clavicle (AEC) were identified and divided five equal sections before dissection. A line connecting the SEC and AEC was used as a reference line. The surrounding neurovascular structures were investigated. RESULTS: The supraclavicular nerve was mainly distributed in the second and the third sections (distribution frequency: 41.30% and 30.43%, respectively) from AEC. Branches of the thoracoacromial artery were mainly distributed in the second, third, and fourth sections (distribution frequency: 21.15%, 26.92%, and 28.85%, respectively). Branches of the subclavian vein were mainly distributed in the third and fourth sections (distribution frequency: 23.26 and 30.23%, respectively). Distribution frequency of subclavian vein, subclavian artery, and brachial plexus ranged from 31.3 to 57.5%. DISCUSSION: When the clavicle was divided into five sections, there was relatively little distribution of neurovascular damage in the first section or the fifth section. This study reveals the average location of subclavian vein with artery and brachial plexus. Results of this study could be used as reference during surgery.

Innervation of subclavius muscle: an anatomical study / Inervación del músculo subclavio: un estudio anatómico

This study was aimed to provide accurate parameters to localize the nerve endings for subclavius muscle belly and to investigate the basic information on nerve innervations on subclavius muscle. Twenty-two adult non-embalmed cadavers (7 males and 4 females) with a mean age of 68.7 years (range, 43-88 years) were enrolled for the present study. For measurements, the most prominent point of the sternal end of the clavicle (SEC) on anterior view and the most prominent point of the acromial end of the clavicle (AEC) were identified as the reference point. A line connecting the SEC and AEC was used as a reference line. Among all the measured points, 92.2 % of the points were gathered from 40 to 60 distances on the reference line. In one male specimen, both the sides of the nerve to the subclavius were merged with the phrenic nerve. It is further hypothesized that the basic anatomical results about the nerve branching pattern will be helpful in the clinical field.

El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar parámetros precisos para localizar las terminaciones nerviosas correspondientes al músculo subclavio e investigar la información básica sobre la inervación de los nervios en el músculo subclavio. Fueron incluidos 22 cadáveres adultos no fijados (7 hombres y 4 mujeres) con una edad media de 68,7 años (rango: 43-88 años). Para las mediciones se identificaron como punto de referencia, el punto más prominente del extremo esternal de la clavícula (SEC) en la vista anterior y el punto más prominente de la parte acromial de la clavícula (AEC). Se utilizó una línea que conecta la SEC y AEC como línea de referencia. Entre todos los puntos medidos, el 92,2 % de los puntos se obtuvieron de 40 a 60 distancias en la línea de referencia. En un espécimen masculino, a ambos lados, el nervio del músculo subclavio se presentó fusionado con el nervio frénico. Además, se plantea la hipótesis de que los resultados anatómicos básicos sobre el patrón de ramificación nerviosa serán útiles en el campo clínico.

The Distribution Pattern of the Neurovascular Structures for Anterior Ankle Arthroscopy to Minimize Structural Injury: Anatomical Study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate entry points for anterior ankle arthroscopy that would minimize the risk of neurovascular injury. METHODS: Thirty-eight specimens from 21 Korean cadavers (age range from 43 to 92 years, mean age of 62.3 years) were used for the study. For the measurements, the most prominent points of the lateral malleolus (LM) and the medial malleolus (MM) were identified before dissection. A line connecting the LM and MM, known as the intermalleolar line, was used as a reference line. We measured 14 variables passed on the reference line. RESULTS: This study found that the nerves were located at 40.0%, 50.0%, and 82.0% of the reference line from the lateral malleolus. We also found that the arteries were located at 22.0%, 35.0%, and 60% of the reference line from the lateral malleolus. DISCUSSION: If all the variables are combined (nerves, arteries, and veins), then there is no safety zone for anterior portal placement. Therefore, we recommend that surgeons concentrate primarily on the arteries and nerves in the clinical setting.

The neurovascular structures in the triangular space of the upper limb: an anatomical study / Las estructuras neurovasculares en el espacio triangular del miembro superior: un estudio anatómico

The aim of this study was to investigate the neuromuscular distribution after passing through the triangular space of the shoulder. Thirty-five specimens from 18 adult Korean cadavers (12 males and 6 females, age ranging from 42-102 years) were used in the study. This study analyzed the order in which the artery entered the muscle from that point the artery passed through the triangular space. The incidence of the first branch of the circumflex scapular artery was 11.4 % for infraspinatus, 5.7 % for teres major, 25.7 % for teres minor, 20.1 % for long head of biceps brachii, 25.7 % for subscapularis, and 11.4 % for subcutaneous tissue. This study investigated the incidence of lack of blood supply from the artery in the triangular space. This incidence was 27.8 % for infraspinatus, 13.0 % for teres major, 5.6 % for teres minor, 38.8 % for long head of triceps brachii, and 14.8 % for subscapularis. Four specimens showed arterial distribution in all surrounding muscles. One specimen identified the nerve branch to innervate teres minor of triangular space of shoulder. The results of this study will be helpful in clinical practice.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la distribución neuromuscular después de pasar a través del espacio triangular del hombro. Para el estudio fueron utilizados treinta y cinco especímenes de 18 cadáveres adultos coreanos (12 varones y 6 mujeres, con una edad de 42-102 años). Se analizó el orden en que la arteria penetra en el músculo y continúa a través del espacio triangular. La incidencia de la primera rama de la arteria circunfleja escapular fue: 11,4 % en el músculo infraspinoso, 5,7 % en el músculo redondo mayor, 25,7 % en el músculo redondo menor, 20,1% en la cabeza larga del músculo bíceps braquial, 25,7 % en el músculo subescapular y 11,4 % en el tejido subcutáneo. Este estudio investigó la incidencia de la falta de suministro de sangre de la arteria en el espacio triangular. Se observó incidencia de 27,8 % para el músculo infraespinoso, 13,0 % para el músculo redondo mayor, 5,6 % para el músculo redondo menor, 38,8 %, para la cabeza larga del músculo tríceps braquial y 14,8 % para el músculo subescapular. Cuatro especímenes mostraron distribución arterial en todos los músculos circundantes. En un caso se identificó la rama nerviosa para el músculo redondo menor en espacio triangular del hombro. Los resultados de este estudio serán útiles en anatomía clínica.

Botulinum Toxin Injection-Site Selection for a Smooth Shoulder Line: An Anatomical Study.

Introduction. This study aimed to improve the accuracy of manual needle placement into the trapezius (TM) for smooth shoulder line. Methods. For macroscopic study 12 TMs and for microscopic study 4 cadavers were detached and then sampled, 1⁎1 cm at the four points from the origin to insertion site (0% at the most lateral point of external occipital protuberance and 100% at the most lateral point of acromion). Results. Most of the nerve endings observed during macroscopic investigations were concentrated in the 60-80% region, and the second most distributed region was the 40-60% region. The microscopic results revealed that the 60-80% region on the reference line had the most dense neuromuscular junction area, while the 40-60% and 80-100% areas were similar in their neuromuscular junction densities. Discussion. These anatomical results will be useful in clinical settings especially for cosmetic surgeons.

Intermittent fasting is neuroprotective in focal cerebral ischemia by minimizing autophagic flux disturbance and inhibiting apoptosis.

Previous studies have demonstrated that autophagy induced by caloric restriction (CR) is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia. However, it has not been determined whether intermittent fasting (IF), a variation of CR, can exert autophagy-related neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. Therefore, the neuroprotective effect of IF was evaluated over the course of two weeks in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia, which was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). Specifically, the role of autophagy modulation as a potential underlying mechanism for this phenomenon was investigated. It was demonstrated that IF reduced infarct volume and brain edema, improved neurobehavioral deficits, and rescued neuronal loss after MCAO/R. Furthermore, neuronal apoptosis was decreased by IF in the rat cortex. An increase in the number of autophagosomes (APs) was demonstrated in the cortices of IF-treated rats, using immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy. Using immunoblots, an IF-induced increase was detected in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II, Rab7, and cathepsin D protein levels, which corroborated previous morphological studies. Notably, IF reduced the accumulation of APs and p62, demonstrating that IF attenuated the MCAO/R-induced disturbance of autophagic flux in neurons. The findings of the present study suggest that IF-induced neuroprotection in focal cerebral ischemia is due, at least in part, to the minimization of autophagic flux disturbance and inhibition of apoptosis.

Rhus verniciflua Stokes attenuates cholestatic liver cirrhosis-induced interstitial fibrosis via Smad3 down-regulation and Smad7 up-regulation.

Cholestatic liver cirrhosis (CLC) eventually proceeds to end-stage liver failure by mediating overwhelming deposition of collagen, which is produced by activated interstitial myofibroblasts. Although the beneficial effects of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) on various diseases are well-known, its therapeutic effect and possible underlying mechanism on interstitial fibrosis associated with CLC are not elucidated. This study was designed to assess the protective effects of RVS and its possible underlying mechanisms in rat models of CLC established by bile duct ligation (BDL). We demonstrated that BDL markedly elevated the serological parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin, all of which were significantly attenuated by the daily uptake of RVS (2 mg/kg/day) for 28 days (14 days before and after operation) via intragastric route. We observed that BDL drastically induced the deterioration of liver histoarchitecture and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), both of which were significantly attenuated by RVS. In addition, we revealed that RVS inhibited BDL-induced proliferation and activation of interstitial myofibroblasts, a highly suggestive cell type for ECM production, as shown by immunohistochemical and semi-quantitative detection of α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin. Finally, we demonstrated that the anti-fibrotic effect of RVS was associated with the inactivation of Smad3, the key downstream target of a major fibrogenic cytokine, i.e., transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß). Simultaneously, we also found that RVS reciprocally increased the expression of Smad7, a negative regulatory protein of the TGF-ß/Smad3 pathway. Taken together, these results suggested that RVS has a therapeutic effect on CLC, and these effects are, at least partly, due to the inhibition of liver fibrosis by the downregulation of Smad3 and upregulation of Smad7.

Autophagy enhancement contributes to the synergistic effect of vitamin D in temozolomide-based glioblastoma chemotherapy.

Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, is recommended as the initial treatment for high-grade glioblastoma. TMZ is widely used, but its short half-life and the frequency of tumor resistance limit its therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, the anticancer effect of vitamin D (VD) combined with TMZ upon glioblastoma was determined, and the underlying mechanism of this effect was identified. Through cell viability, clonogenic and wound healing assays, the current study demonstrated that treatment of a C6 glioblastoma cell line with TMZ and VD resulted in significantly increased in vitro antitumor effects compared with either VD or TMZ alone. Autophagy, hypothesized to be the dominant mechanism underlying TMZ-based tumor cell death, was maximally activated in TMZ and VD co-treated C6 cells. This was demonstrated by ultrastructural observations of autophagosomes, increased size and number of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) puncta and increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. However, the extent of apoptosis was not significantly different between cells treated with TMZ and VD and those treated with TMZ alone. Addition of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine markedly inhibited the anticancer effect of TMZ and VD treatment, indicating that the chemosensitizing effect of VD in TMZ-based glioblastoma therapy is generated through enhancement of cytotoxic autophagy. TMZ and VD co-treatment also significantly inhibited tumor progression and prolonged survival duration in rat glioblastoma orthotopic xenograft models when compared with TMZ treatment alone. These in vivo results are concordant with the aforementioned in vitro results, together revealing that the combined use of TMZ and VD exerts synergistic antitumor effects on rat models of glioblastoma and may represent an effective therapeutic strategy.

Teres minor innervation and injection site / Inervación y sitio de inyección del músculo redondo menor

The aim of this study was to elucidate the injection point on the teres minor (TM) for effective injection. Thirty-two specimens from 16 adult Korean cadavers (10 males and 6 females, age ranging from 42 to 102 years) were used in the study. The reference line between the inferior point on the inferior angle of the scapula (IA) and the most prominent point on the acromial angle of the scapula (AA) on the surface were identified. The measurements expressed the two above-mentioned parameters as X and Y coordinates in relation to the reference line. The X coordinate was located at 128.1±10.4 mm (78.1±5.7 %) and the Y coordinate was located at 25.3±7.6 mm (15.5±4.8 %). The recommended site according to this can be used for injections in patients with TM stiffness.

El objetivo fue determinar el punto de inyección en el músculo redondo menor (MRM) para llevar a cabo una correcta inyección. Se utilizaron 32 muestras correspondientes a 16 cadáveres adultos coreanos (10 hombres y 6 mujeres, entre 42 a 102 años de edad). Se identificó en la superficie la línea de referencia entre el punto inferior en el ángulo inferior de la escápula (AI) y el punto más prominente en el ángulo acromial de la escápula (AA). Las mediciones expresaron los dos parámetros mencionados anteriormente como coordenadas X e Y en relación con la línea de referencia. La coordenada X se encuentra a 128,1±10,4 mm (78,1±5,7 %) y la coordenada Y estaba situada a 25,3±7,6 mm (15,5±4,8 %). El sitio recomendado de acuerdo a estos resultados se puede usar para preparaciones inyectables en pacientes con rigidez del MRM.

Median nerve location change evaluated by soft cadaver dissection according to the forearm movement / Cambio de posición del nervio mediano evaluado mediante disección cadavérica blanda según el movimiento del antebrazo

The aim of this study was to examine the change in median nerve location according to forearm movement. Thirty fresh specimens from 15 adult Korean cadavers (10 males and five females; age range, 53­91 years) were examined. We measured the motor entry point according to normal and pronated positions of the forearm. The x and y coordinates of the first motor entry point (MEP) in the normal position were 1.6±0.6 cm and 2.8±1.3 cm, respectively. The depth of the MEP was 1.5±0.3 cm. The x and y coordinates of the second MEP were 1.3±0.3 cm and 4.7±1.7 cm, respectively. The depth of the MEP was 1.4±0.2 cm. The x and y coordinates of first MEP with the forearm in the pronated position were 1.9±0.7 cm and 2.3±0.8 cm. respectively. The depth of the MEP was 1.7±0.4 cm. The x and y coordinates of the second MEP were 1.6±0.7 cm and 4.4±1.7 cm, respectively. The depth of the MEP was 1.6±0.3 cm. The differences in locations according to movement of the nerve branch were 0.3 cm, and depths were 0.2 cm. The pronated position results of this study will be clinically helpful.

El objetivo fue examinar el cambio de posición del nervio mediano de acuerdo con el movimiento del antebrazo. Se examinaron 30 muestras frescas de 15 cadáveres adultos coreanos (10 hombres y 5 mujeres) con edades entre 53­91 años. Se midió el punto de entrada motor de acuerdo con las posiciones normales y pronación del antebrazo. Las coordenadas X e Y del primer punto de entrada motor (PEM) en la posición normal fueron de 1,6±0,6 cm y 2,8±1,3 cm, respectivamente. La profundidad del PEM fue de 1,5±0,3 cm. Las coordenadas X e Y del segundo PEM fueron 1,3±0,3 cm y 4,7±1,7 cm, respectivamente. La profundidad del PEM fue 1,4±0,2 cm. Las coordenadas X e Y del primer PEM del antebrazo en posición de pronación fueron 1,9±0,7 cm y 2,3±0,8 cm, respectivamente. La profundidad del PEM fue 1,7±0,4 cm. Las coordenadas X e Y del segundo PEM fueron 1,6±0,7 cm y 4,4±1,7 cm, respectivamente. La profundidad del PEM fue 1,6±0,3 cm. Las diferencias en las ubicaciones de acuerdo con el movimiento del ramo nervioso fueron de 0,3 cm, y las profundidades fueron de 0,2 cm. Los resultados de la posición de pronación de este estudio serán útiles en trabajos clínicos.